Hold down system

ABSTRACT

A fastener assembly comprises a first cylindrical member disposed within a second cylindrical member. One of the first and second cylindrical members is movable relative to the other in a first direction. The other one of the first and second cylindrical members is locked relative to the one in a second direction opposite to the first direction. A spring is operably attached to the first and second cylindrical members to urge one of the first and second cylindrical members in the first direction. A removable member is operably associated with the first and second cylindrical members to prevent one of the first and second cylindrical members from moving in the first direction prior to removing the removable member. The removable member is configured to be pulled out to allow one of the first and second cylindrical members to move in the first direction.

RELATED APPLICATION

This is a nonprovisional application claiming the priority benefit ofprovisional application Ser. No. 60/843,698, filed Sep. 12, 2006, whichis hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to a tension hold downsystem used in walls in light frame construction to resist uplift and tocompensate for wood shrinkage in wood frame construction and compressionloading.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Prior art hold down systems, such as one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,951,078, typically use a tie-rod that extends inside a stud wall fromthe foundation to the top floor. Field conditions and the quality of theinstaller are such that the tie-rod may not be installed perpendicularto the cross or bridge member to which the tie-rod is to be secured. Insuch a situation, the bearing surface of the bridge member and the holddown device may not align properly for good bearing contact due to theout-of vertical position of the tie-rod. The resulting installation maynot be satisfactory since full contact between bearing surfaces of thevarious components of the system is not achieved, thereby compromisingthe integrity of the system.

Another problem encountered with prior art hold down devices is thatsometimes the installer forgets to activate the device afterinstallation. The problem is sometimes discovered after the wall hasbeen closed, thus causing a lot of expense to correct the problem.

Yet another problem with prior art device is the need of using a tool toload the spring in a hold down device. When a hold down device comespreloaded from the factory, and an installer accidentally releases thelock and allows the compressed spring inside to expand, to reset thespring would typically require a tool which may not be available to theinstaller.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a hold down systemand components therefor that would compensate for thenon-perpendicularity of the tie-rod to the bearing surfaces of the wallto which the tie-rod is attached.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a hold downsystem and components therefor that would minimize the problem offorgetting to activate the hold down device after installation.

It yet another object of the present invention to provide a hold downsystem and components therefor that does not require the use of a toolto activate the hold down device.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a holddown system and components where the hold down device can be reassembledand pre-loaded in the field by hand without using tools.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a hold down systemand components therefor that is color coded to assist in theinstallation of the components that have been properly specified for theproject.

In summary, a fastener assembly comprises a first cylindrical memberdisposed within a second cylindrical member, the first cylindricalmember having an axial opening. One of the first and second cylindricalmembers is movable relative to another one of the first and secondcylindrical members in a first direction, and the one of the first andsecond cylindrical members is locked relative to the another one of thefirst and second cylindrical members in a second direction opposite tothe first direction. The first and second cylindrical members includefirst and second opposing cylindrical walls, respectively, the firstopposing cylindrical wall including a plurality of first receivingvolumes, and the second opposing cylindrical wall including a pluralityof second receiving volumes. A spring is operably attached to the firstand second cylindrical members to urge the one of the first and secondcylindrical members in the first direction. A removable member isoperably associated with the first and second cylindrical members toprevent the one of the first and second cylindrical members from movingin the first direction prior to removing the removable member, theremovable member being configured to be pulled out to allow the one ofthe first and second cylindrical members to move in the first direction.

A fastener system for securing a building wall to a foundation comprisesa tie-rod having one end for being secured to a building foundation anda building wall; a bearing plate for attachment to the wall, the bearingplate having an opening for allowing the tie rod to extend therethrough;a first washer around the tie rod, the first washer having a firstcurved upper surface, the first washer for bearing on the bearing plate;a second washer around the tie rod, the second washer having a secondcurved bottom surface complementary to the first curved upper surface,the second curved bottom surface bearing on the first curved uppersurface; and a nut for being secured against the second washer, the nutfor tensioning the tie rod; whereby the first curved upper surfaceremains in substantial contact with the second curved bottom surfaceeven when the tie rod is off vertical.

A fastener assembly comprises a first cylindrical member disposed withina second cylindrical member, the first cylindrical member having anaxial opening. The second cylindrical member is movable relative to thefirst cylindrical member in a first direction, and the secondcylindrical member is locked relative to the first cylindrical member ina second direction opposite to the first direction. A sleeve is attachedto an upper end portion of the first cylindrical member; and a spring isoperably attached to the second cylindrical member and the sleeve tourge the second cylindrical member in the first direction.

A fastener assembly comprises a first cylindrical member disposed withina second cylindrical member, the first cylindrical member having anaxial opening for a tie rod. One of the first and second cylindricalmembers is movable relative to another one of the first and secondcylindrical members in a first direction, and the one of the first andsecond cylindrical members is locked relative to the another one of thefirst and second cylindrical members in a second direction opposite tothe first direction. A sleeve is disposed around the first cylindricalmember, the sleeve being locked relative to the first cylindrical memberin the first direction; and a spring is operably attached to the secondcylindrical member and the sleeve to urge the one of the first andsecond cylindrical members in the first direction.

These and other objects of the present invention will become apparentfrom the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of stud wall of a one story buildingincorporating a hold down system made in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a stud wall of a two story building incorporating a hold downsystem made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a stud wall of a two story building,incorporating a hold down system made in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a stud wall using a hold down systemmade in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a stud wall of a two story buildingutilizing a hold down system made in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a stud wall of a two story buildingusing a hold down system made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a stud wall of a three story buildingusing a hold down system made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a bridge or cross member used in a holddown system shown in FIGS. 1-7.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a hold down deviceattached to a threaded rod.

FIG. 10 is an assembly view of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 9, showing the hold downdevice in a retracted position prior to extending to take up theshrinkage in the stud wall.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view, showing the hold down device in apartly extended position after taking up the shrinkage in the stud wall.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken from FIG. 12 of thecooperating grooves in the inner cylinder and outer sleeve orcylindrical member of the hold down device.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a hold downsystem made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 15 is an assembly view of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 14, showing the hold downdevice in a retracted position, prior to taking up the shrinkage in thestud wall.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the hold down device of FIG. 14,shown in a partially extended position after taking up the shrinkage inthe stud wall.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a hold downdevice made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 19 is an assembly view of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 18, showing the hold downdevice in a retracted position prior to taking up the shrinkage in thestud wall.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 18, showing the hold downdevice in a partially extended position after taking up the shrinkage inthe stud wall.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a hold downdevice.

FIG. 23 is an assembly view of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 22, showing the hold downdevice in a retracted position prior to being activated afterinstallation in the stud wall.

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 22, showing the hold downdevice in a partly extended position after been having been activatedand taken up the shrinkage in the stud wall.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a hold downdevice made in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 27 is an assembly view of FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 26, showing the hold downdevice in an off-vertical position and prior to being activated.

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 26, showing the hold downdevice in a partly extended position after having been activated.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a hold down assembly made in accordancewith the present invention.

FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 30.

FIG. 32 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view, partly in cross-section, of anotherembodiment of a hold down device made in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 34 is side elevation view of FIG. 33.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view of a washer used in the embodiment ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 36-36 in FIG. 32,showing the amount the spring clip extends out from the hold down deviceand its various positions, shown in phantom lines, around the hold downdevice.

FIG. 37 is another embodiment of a hold down system made in accordancewith the present invention, showing the use of metallic bridge membersand nuts alone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a hold down system 2 made in accordance with thepresent invention is disclosed. The system 2 includes a foundationanchor 4 operably attached to a foundation 6 of a building. Thefoundation anchor 4 includes a threaded rod 8 attached to anotherthreaded or tie-rod rod 10 by means of a coupling 12. A bridge member 14spans between two adjacent studs 16 and is supported by a pair ofreinforcement studs 18. A bearing plate 20 sits on top of the bridgemember 14. The threaded rod 10 extends through the bridge member 14 andthe bearing plate 20 through respective openings. A hold down device 22is secured between the bearing plate 20 and a nut 24. The hold downdevice 22, which will be described below, is an expanding fastenerassembly used to take up any slack that may develop in the tie-rod 10due to shrinkage in the building wall.

FIG. 1 discloses a hold down system as used in a one story structure.The reinforcement studs 18 terminate between the top plate 26 and thebottom plate 28.

It should be understood that building foundation is used to refergenerally to any structure that is used to anchor or tie a building tothe ground. Examples are foundation walls, horizontal beams connected tovertical beams driven or buried in the ground, or any substantialstructure solidly anchored in the ground. Accordingly, a buildingfoundation can be any structure that is capable of transferring the loadof the building to the ground.

FIG. 2 is an application of the hold down system 2 in a two storybuilding. The hold down device 22 is disposed within the stud wall ofthe second floor. Reinforcement studs 27 extending from the bottom plate28 to the top plate 26 are provided in the wall below the reinforcementstuds 18 installed in the second floor wall. The bottom ends of thereinforcement studs 18 rest on the bottom plate 32 of the second floorwall.

FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a hold down system 30 as applied to atwo story building. The components are the same as the hold down system2 shown in FIG. 1, except that a second hold down device 22 is disposednear the bottom plate 32 of the second floor wall. A second bridgemember 14 bears directly on the bottom plate 32. A second bearing plate20 bears on top of the second bridge member 14. The bottom ends of thereinforcement studs 18 bear down on the top surface of the second bridgemember 14.

Another embodiment of a hold down system 34 is disclosed in FIG. 4 in aone story application. The system 34 is similar to the system disclosedin FIG. 1, except that a second bridge member 14 is disposed on thebottom plate 28 and secured by a nut 36 holding the second bridge member14 tight against the bottom plate 28. The second bridge member 14advantageously provides a bearing surface against the bottom plate 28for distribution of forces that may tend to lift the wall off thefoundation. The bottom ends 38 of the reinforcement studs 18 bear on topof the second bridge member 14.

Another embodiment of a hold down system 40 is disclosed in FIG. 5 in atwo story application. The system 40 is similar to the system disclosedin FIG. 2, except that additional bridge members 42 and 44 are used. Thebridge member 42 bears on top of the bottom plate 28 of the first floorwall, while the bridge member 44 bears on top of the bottom plate 32 ofthe second floor wall. A nut 46 secures the bridge member 42 to the tierod 10 and helps secure the bottom plate 28 to the foundation. Similarlya nut 48 secures the bridge member 44 to the bottom plate 32 and to thetie-rod 10. The bottom ends 50 of the reinforcement studs 52 bear on topof the bridge member 42. The bottom ends 54 of the reinforcement studs56 similarly bear on top of the bridge member 44. The reinforcementstuds 52 extends the full height of the first floor wall, while thereinforcement studs 56 are shorter than the height of the second floorwall.

FIG. 6 discloses another embodiment of a hold down system 58 used in atwo story building. The system 58 is similar to the system disclosed inFIG. 3, except that an additional bridge member 60 is provided thatbears down on top of the bottom plate 28 and a nut 62 secures the bridgemember 60 to the threaded rod 8. The ends of the reinforcement studs 52bear down on top of the bridge member 60.

Another embodiment of a hold down system 63 applied to a three storybuilding is disclosed in FIG. 7. The tie-rod 10 extends inside the studwall through the first floor wall, second floor wall and terminates inthe third floor wall. Bridge members 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70 along withhold down devices 72, 74, 76, 78 and 80 keep the tie rod 10 undertension. The bridge member 62 is supported by reinforcement studs 82 and84 with the adjacent ends of the reinforcement studs sandwiching therespective ends of the bridge member 62. The hold down device 62 isdisposed between a bearing plate 86 and a nut 88.

The hold down device 74 also bears down on a bearing plate 90 supportedby the bridge member 64, which in turn bears down on the bottom plate. Anut 94 secures the hold down device 74 to the tie rod 10. The bottomends of the reinforcement studs 100 bear down on the bridge member 64,transferring the load to the bottom plate and to the reinforcement studs84 and 82 below.

The hold down device 76 along with its bridge member 66 and a bearingplate 96 and its respective nut 98 are similarly installed as the holddown device 62. The reinforcement studs 100 and 102 similarly secure thebridge member 66 to the stud wall. The reinforcement studs 102 bear downon the bridge member 66, transferring the load to the reinforcementstuds 100.

The hold down device 78 along with its bridge member 68, its bearingplate 104 and nut 106 are similarly secured as the hold down device 74.The ends of reinforcement studs 108 bear down on the bridge member 68,transferring the load to the base plate and to the reinforcement studs102 below.

The bridge member 70 is supported on the top edge of the reinforcementstuds 108 and is secured to the tie rod with nut 110. Bearing plate 112is disposed between the bridge member 70 and the hold down device 80.

The various hold down systems disclosed above are shown installed withinthe first stud bay from the end of a shear wall using standard woodframing construction. However, the hold down systems are not limited tothese locations or type of construction. They may be installed in anystud wall construction to resist uplift during high wind or earthquakeconditions. The hold down system may be installed in the first stud bayat the first bay after a window or door opening. Generally, the holddown system may be installed anywhere inside a stud wall as theapplication dictates.

Referring to FIG. 8, a bridge member 114 used in the various embodimentsof the hold down system of FIGS. 1-7 is disclosed. The bridge member 114is a rectangular metallic block having a slotted opening 116 throughwhich the threaded rod 10 extends. The opening 116 is centrally locatedand advantageously allows the threaded rod 10 to be slightly off centerand off vertical when installed through the stud wall. The bridge member114 is preferably made of aluminum, but other materials such as steel ornon-metal materials may also be used. The metallic bridge member 114simplifies the installation of a hold down system, requiring less numberof components as compared to using a wood bridge typically made ofseveral wood members. The metal bridge member 114 advantageouslyprovides for higher loads as compared to wood bridge members, since“parallel to grain of lumber” loading is used (typically 1200 psi), ascompared to “perpendicular to grain of lumber” loading when using woodbridge members (typically 625 psi). Referring to FIG. 7, the use ofmetallic bridge members 62 and 66 where the reinforcement studs 84 and102 bear down from above advantageously eliminates the “perpendicular tograin” loading of prior art wood bridge member, thereby increasing theloading capacity of the hold down system. The bridge member 114 may becolor coded for material type, capacity and dimensional size.

The bridge member 114 is also used as a baseplate compression plate asshown in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. As load passes through the supportstuds and or wall studs through the parallel wood grain, this surface isin bearing contact with each end of the metallic baseplate. The use ofthe bridge member as a base-plate-compression plate lowers thecompression force per square inch upon the perpendicular wood bearingsurface below. As load is transferred from the support studs and or wallstuds through the metallic baseplate, the load is dispersed and spreadout because the metallic baseplate is minimally designed not to bend ordeflect. The physical properties of the metallic baseplate provide thisbehavior when used in this fashion. So a concentrated force from thecontact point of the studs at each end of the top the metallic baseplateis then spread out over the large area of contact to the perpendicularwood bearing surface underneath the metallic baseplate.

Placement of the metallic baseplate and bridge member is intended forthe relative center of the first stud bay of a wall in a building whichuses wall studs of many different types of framing material. They mayalso be installed at each end of a wall. They ma also centrally belocated in any stud bay of a wall or every stud bay of a wall. Thetransfer of parallel to grain force or load from support studs and orwall studs bearing upon the upper top side of the metallic bridge blockis transferred to the lower support studs and or wall studs through themetallic bridge member. The metallic bridge member physical propertiesdo not allow any crushing or displacement between studs parallel tograin bearing surfaces; therefore force or load is transferred with astable load path.

Bridge member or baseplate compression plate is not limited to metallicmaterials. The physical properties of the cross member and or baseplatecompression plate must be equal to or greater than the physicalproperties of the support studs bearing surface.

Bridge member and/or baseplate compression plate can be employed toresist uplift and rotation of a wall of a building and also are utilizedwhen the wall in a compression mode. Because of behaviors describedearlier above the bridge member and/or baseplate compression platedisperses loads and achieves lowering concentrated forces betweenbearing surfaces when down-load forces occurs. This advantageously helpssolve load path problems in current hold down systems.

Various embodiments of a hold down device as used in the hold downsystems of FIGS. 1-7 will now be described. A person of ordinary skillin the art will appreciate that the various components disclosed foreach hold down device may be interchanged, substituted, added, ordeleted as desired by the application.

A hold down device 118 made in accordance with the present invention isdisclosed in FIGS. 9-13. The hold down device 118 is shown attached tothe tie rod 10 by means of a nut 120, bearing plate 122 and the bridgemember 114. The hold down device 118 includes an inner cylinder 124slidably disposed within an outer sleeve or cylindrical member 126. Atop cylinder or sleeve 128 is secured to an upper portion of the innercylinder 124. A coil spring is compressed between the top cylinder 128and the outer sleeve 126. A convex washer is disposed between the nut120 and the inner cylinder 124. The washer 132 has a convex surface 134which matches a corresponding concave surface on the upper edge portionof the inner cylinder 124. The inner cylinder has central opening 138which is larger than the diameter of the threaded rod 10 to allow therod to be slightly off vertical within the inner cylinder 124. Theopening 138 also flares out to a larger diameter at the top portion ofthe inner cylinder 124 (see FIGS. 11 and 12 and FIGS. 28 and 29) toallow even further leeway for the tie-rod to be off perpendicular withrespect to the bridge member 114. The convex surface 134 and the concavesurface 136 are advantageously in full bearing contact when the threadedrod 10 is slightly off vertical.

The top cylinder 128 is secured to the inner cylinder 124 by means of aC-ring or resilient member 140 captured in a circumferential groove orreceiving volume 142 around the outside cylindrical surface of the innercylinder 124 and an inner circumferential groove or receiving volume 144along the inner cylindrical surface of the top cylinder 128. The grooves142 and 144 are configured with the same geometry as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 6,951,078, hereby incorporated by reference. The geometry ofthe grooves 142 and 144 is such that the top cylinder 128 is preventedfrom sliding upwardly with respect to the inner cylinder 124, but isable to slide downwardly for assembly purposes. The lower portion of theinner cylinder 124 includes a plurality of circumferential grooves orreceiving volumes 146 with the same geometry as the circumferentialgroove 142. Similarly, the inner cylindrical surface of the outer sleeve126 has a plurality of circumferential grooves or receiving volumes 148that has the same geometry as the circumferential groove 144. Aplurality of C-rings or resilient members 150 are disposed around thegrooves 146. The grooves 146 and 148 allow the vertical sliding movementof the inner cylinder 124 with respect to the outer sleeve 126. Anannular groove 151 is disposed adjacent the bottom edge of the innercylinder 124 for use with a removable spring clip 188 (see, for example,FIG. 24) prior to installation. The groove 151 is present in the otherembodiments shown in FIGS. 14-21.

Details of the grooves 146 and 148 are disclosed in FIG. 13. Downwardmovement of the outer sleeve 126 will cause the C-ring 150 into thegroove 146, which is sized to completely receive the cross-sectionalarea of the C-ring, thereby allowing further movement of the outersleeve 126. On the other hand, upward movement of the outer sleeve 126is prevented, since the groove 148 is not large enough to accommodatethe entire cross-sectional area of the C-ring 150.

In operation, the spring 130 is under compression, as shown in FIG. 11.The threaded rod 10 is under tension from the action of spring 130,which tends to pull the threaded rod 10 upwardly. As the building wallshrinks over time, the bridge member 114 would move downwardly with theshrinkage of the wall. This causes the spring 130 to push the outersleeve 126 downwardly while at the same time pushing the top cylinder128 upwardly, thus causing the inner cylinder 124 to move upwardly. Withthese relative motions, tension on the threaded rod 10 is thusmaintained. Once the hold down device 118 has expanded as shown in FIG.12, it is prevented from contracting back to its original position asshown in FIG. 11 by virtue of the geometry of the cooperating grooves146 and 148 as explained above.

The top cylinder 128 has outer helical (thread-like) grooves 152 forreceiving an end portion of the spring 130. Similarly, the outer sleeve126 has outer helical (thread-like) grooves 154 for receiving theopposite end portion of the spring 130. The grooves 152 and 154 keep thetop cylinder 128 and outer sleeve 126 attached to each other via thespring 130.

Another embodiment of a hold down device 156 is disclosed in FIGS.14-17. The hold down device 156 is identical to the hold down device 118except for the provisions of a concave washer 158 welded to the bearingplate 122 and the provision of a convex outer edge surface 159 on theouter cylinder 160. The hold down device 156 advantageously allows for agreater deviations from the vertical for the threaded rod 10 while stillmaintaining full bearing contact between the outer cylinder 160 and theconcave washer 158 and between the convex washer 132 and the concaveedge surface of the inner cylinder 136, since adjustment at the convexwasher 132 is independent of the adjustment at the concave washer 158.FIG. 16 shows the hold down device 156 in a retracted position. FIG. 17shows the hold down device 156 in an expanded position after thebuilding wall has shrunk and the hold down device 156 has taken up theresulting slack in the threaded rod 10, thereby keeping the threaded rod10 in tension.

Another embodiment of a hold down device 162 is disclosed in FIGS.18-21. The hold down device 162 is similar to the other disclosed holddown devices, except for some features. A nut 164 has a concave surface166 that mates with the corresponding convex edge surface 168 on theinner cylinder 170. The bearing plate 172 has a convex surface 174 thatmates with a concave edge surface 176 on the outer sleeve or cylindricalmember 178. The bottom edge 177 of the inner cylinder 170 also includesa mating concave surface. All the other components of the hold downdevice 162 are identical to similar components in the previouslydescribed hold down devices. FIG. 20 shows the hold down device 162 in aretracted position while FIG. 21 shows the device in the extendedposition after taking up the shrinkage in the wall.

Another embodiment of a hold down device 180 is disclosed in FIGS.22-25. The hold down device 180 includes an inner cylinder 182 and outersleeve or cylindrical member 184, a top cylinder or sleeve 128, a flatwasher 186 and a nut 120. As in the other embodiments, spring 130,C-rings 140 and 150 are also provided. The inner cylinder 182 includes agreater number of circumferential grooves 146, a corresponding number ofcircumferential grooves 148 on the inside cylindrical surface of theouter sleeve 184, and a corresponding number of C-rings 150. This is toadvantageously provide for an increased load for the hold down device180. A spring clip 188 advantageously allows the hold down device 180 tobe preloaded (when the spring 130 is compressed) prior to installation.The spring clip 188 has two extending legs 190 and a portion 192 thatslip into an annular groove 194 so that the outer sleeve 184 is stoppedfrom moving downwardly due to the action of the compressed spring 130.Thus, the hold down device 180 can be installed with the spring 130already loaded. After the hold down device 180 has been installed inplace, as shown in FIG. 24, the spring clip 188 is then pulled out,allowing the outer sleeve 184 to bear down on the bearing plate 122,ready to take any slack on the threaded rod 10 due to any shrinkage inthe wall, as shone in FIG. 25.

The annular groove 194 includes a bottom wall 195 which is smaller inoutside diameter than the diameter of the inner cylinder 182 to preventany deformations or roughness, such as burrs, on the bottom wall 195from interfering with the inner cylindrical surface of the outer sleeve184 in case such deformations or roughness are inadvertently formed whenthe spring clip 188 is pulled out. This feature of the annular groove194 is present in all of the embodiments disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of a hold down device 196 is disclosed in FIGS.26-29. The hold down device 196 includes an inner cylinder 198, an outersleeve or cylindrical member 200, a top cylinder 128, a concave washer202, a flat washer 204, a nut 120, C-rings 140 and 150, a spring 130 anda spring clip 188. The concave washer 202 has a concave surface 206 thatmates with a convex surface 208 on the upper edge of the inner cylinder198. The spring clip 188 is removably retained within the groove 194 onthe inner cylinder 198. A bearing plate 210 has a ramp surface 212 andis used to compensate for the misalignment of the threaded rod 10 out ofthe vertical. The ramp surface 210 disclosed is about 2° from thehorizontal, but other angles may be incorporated depending on need.Additional compensation for the misalignment of the threaded rod 10 fromthe vertical is provided by the concave washer 202, as previouslydiscussed in connection with the other embodiments. Prior to the springclip 188 being pulled out to activate the hold down device 196, a gap214 is advantageously clearly visible between the bottom edge of theouter sleeve 200 and the top surface of the bearing plate 210. The gap214 may be used for quality control as an indicator on whether the holddown device has been activated or not. If the gap 214 exists, it meansthat the spring clip 188 has not yet been pulled out. The spring clip188 extends out in such a distance that it cannot fit behind the holddown device and be hidden from view. Preferably, the spring clip 188should stick out in front so that it will have to be pulled out before awallboard can be installed, since it will be in the way of thewallboard. Referring to FIG. 36, the spring clip 188 extends a distancefrom the hold down device 180 such that it cannot be placedinadvertently between the wall sheathing 215 and the hold down device180. In this manner, the spring clip 188 will always be visible, asshown in phantom lines, as a reminder to the installer that it needs tobe pulled out before the wall is closed off. Note the larger and flaredout opening at the top portion of the inner cylinder 198 that allows thetie-rod to be off-center with respect to the hold down device 196.

An embodiment of a hold down assembly 216 is disclosed in FIGS. 30 and31. The hold down assembly 216 includes the threaded rod 10 attached tothe stud wall by means of the bridge member 114, bearing plate 122, anut 120, concave washer 218 and convex washer 220. The concave washerhas a concave surface 222 that mates with a corresponding convex surface224 on the convex washer 220. The washers 220 and 222 allow the threadedrod 10 to be out of the vertical while maintaining a maximum bearingcontact with the bearing plate 142. The washers 218 and 220 allow forcentering the rod 10 while providing full bearing contact betweenbearing surfaces. The washers 218 and 220 may also be used in theembodiments shown in FIGS. 1-7 and 37 where a nut is used directly tohold down a bridge member without an intervening hold down device.

The convex and concave washers used in the various embodimentsadvantageously provide constant bearing area load transfer connections.The convex and concave washers advantageously provide for self centeringinstallation where the threaded rod is out of the vertical. The convexand concave washers may be color coded to indicate the design load,capacity, hole size and/or diameter. The color coding may also indicatethe amount of rotation or swivel provided. The convex or concave washersmay be used on top or underneath the hold down device. The convex orconcave washers may be integrated or fabricated onto the surface of thebearing plate. The use of convex and concave washers and correspondinglyshaped edge surfaces on the hold down device advantageously allow forswivel or rotation when connected to tension members such as a threadedrod inside a wall that is not perpendicular to the bearing surface ofthe wall, thereby providing a constant bearing area between bearingsurfaces.

The spring clip 188 is also used in the other embodiments of the holddown device, shown in FIGS. 9-21, although not shown therewith. Thus,the hold down devices disclosed herein are activated without use oftools.

The devices may also be reassembled and pre-loaded manually using one'shands and without the use of tools. Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, forexample, the spring 130 is attached to the outer cylinder or sleeve 184and the top cylinder or sleeve 128. The C-rings 150 and 140 are placedwithin the circumferential grooves 146. The C-rings 150 and 140 will beloose, since they are biased toward the circumferential grooves 148 (seeFIG. 13) on the inner surface of outer cylinder 184. The inner cylinder182 is then inserted into the outer cylinder 184 from below. Theretaining member legs 190 are inserted into the annular groove 194. Thetop cylinder or sleeve 128 and the spring 130 are then pressed downuntil the top cylinder 128 locks with the inner cylinder 124 via theC-ring 140.

The spring clip 188 cannot be hidden from sight when placed within or ona 2×4 and 2×6 typical framed wall. The clip's own dimension or diameterwill not allow it to be rotated out of sight if any type of wallsheathing or wall board is present. This safeguard is so that the clipwill not be forgotten and the device rendered un-activated and useless.

The various embodiments of the hold device disclosed herein provideslinear non-rotating or axial motion that slides over and around variouscommon tension materials, such as the tie-rod 10, with common hardwarefastener connection. The hold down devices may be color coded toindicate travel or stroke length, capacity of useable force or load,and/or inside or outside diameter of the inner cylinder.

The spring 130 is designed and/or engineered to have a potential energyequal to or greater than the weight of the length of the tie-rod orcable (when used) below the hold down device extending to the next belowhold down device or to the foundation anchor. The spring 130 may also bedesigned or engineered to have a minimum tension or force equal to orgreater than the weight of the tie-rod or cable at full travel strokelength or designed displacement of the device. In this manner, thetie-rod or cable is advantageously fully supported throughout itslength, regardless of the amount of travel of the of the outer sleeverelative to the inner cylinder, thereby preventing any buckling orbowing of the tie-rod or cable due to its own weight.

FIG. 32 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5 at the second floor.Note the nut 48 securing the bridge member 44, used as baseplatecompression plate, to the bottom plate and the tie-rod. Also note thebride member 114 bearing down on the end grain of the reinforcementstuds 56 in a direction parallel to the grain of the wood.

FIG. 37 is similar to FIG. 32, but showing the absence of the hold downdevice 180 and the bearing plate 122. Nut 47 secures the bridge member114 to the top ends of the reinforcement studs 56, which are nailed tothe adjacent studs. The washers 218 and 220 disclosed in FIG. 31 mayalso be used in conjunction with the nuts 47 and 48.

Another embodiment of a hold down device 226 is disclosed in FIGS.33-35. The hold down device 226 is similar to the hold down devicedisclosed in FIG. 26, except that a different washer 228 is provided.The washer 228 has a circumferential concave surface 230 that mates withcorresponding convex edge surface on the inner cylinder 198. The concavesurface 230 terminates into a curved wall 234. The curved wall 234provides a centering function and limits the lateral adjustment of thewasher 228 relative to the hold down device 226, as shown in FIGS. 33and 35.

It should be understood that the use of a bearing plate in conjunctionwith the metallic bridge member disclosed in the various embodiments isoptional. The metallic bridge member may be used without the bearingplate.

The hold down device disclosed herein may also be used as a tensioningdevice when used as an expanding washer or expanding sleeve that takesup slack that may develop in a bolt, cable, tie rod, etc. used in anystructure requiring maintenance of applied tension.

While this invention has been described as having preferred design, itis understood that it is capable of further modification, uses and/oradaptations following in general the principle of the invention andincluding such departures from the present disclosure as come withinknown or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains,and as may be applied to the essential features set forth, and fallwithin the scope of the invention.

1-28. (canceled)
 29. A building, comprising: a) a stud wall including afirst bottom plate; b) a foundation; c) a tie rod operably anchored tosaid foundation and extending through said first bottom plate withinsaid stud wall; d) a first bridge member attached to said stud wall,said first bridge member having an opening through which said tie rodextends; e) a first fastener assembly connecting said tie rod and saidfirst bridge member to said stud wall, said fastener assembly includingan axial opening through which said tie rod extends; f) said firstfastener assembly including an inner body disposed within an outer body,a first nut securing said inner and outer bodies to said tie rod, afirst spring urging one of said inner and outer bodies to move from afirst position to a second position, and a removable restraining memberin locking engagement with said inner and outer bodies to prevent saidone of said inner and outer bodies from moving from said first positionto said second position; g) said restraining member including a handleportion extending from said outer body, said handle portion beingconfigured to be pulled by hand to remove said restraining member fromsaid locking engagement; and h) said inner and outer bodies beingmovable relative to each other from said first position to said secondposition when said restraining member is removed, said one of said innerand outer bodies being fixed relative to said tie rod and said anotherof said inner and outer bodies being fixed relative to said first bridgemember such that when said tie rod moves through said stud wall, saidone of said inner and outer bodies moves with said tie rod from saidfirst position to said second position.
 30. A building as in claim 29,wherein: a) said first bridge member is made of metal; and b) said firstbridge member opening is slotted.
 31. A building as in claim 29, andfurther comprising: a) a bearing plate disposed between said firstbridge member and said first fastener assembly; b) said first bearingplate including an opening through which said tie rod extends; and c)said bearing plate is ramped to compensate for vertical misalignment ofsaid tie rod.
 32. A building as in claim 31, wherein: a) said firstbearing plate has a top surface; and b) said top surface is inclinedfrom a horizontal plane at about 2°.
 33. A building as in claim 29, andfurther comprising: a) a washer bearing on said one of said inner andouter bodies; and b) said nut bears on said washer.
 34. A building as inclaim 33, wherein: a) said one of said inner and outer bodies includes acurved upper edge; and b) said washer includes lower curved surfacecomplementary to said curved upper edge.
 35. A building as in claim 34,wherein said curved upper edge is concave and said lower curved surfaceis convex.
 36. A building as in claim 34, wherein said curved upper edgeis convex and said lower curved surface is concave.
 37. A building as inclaim 29, and further comprising: a) a bearing plate disposed betweensaid first bridge member and said first fastener assembly; b) said firstbearing plate including an opening through which said tie rod extends c)said another of said inner and outer bodies includes a lower curvededge; and d) a washer disposed between first fastener assembly and saidfirst bearing plate, said washer including an upper curved surfacecomplementary to said lower curved edge.
 38. A building as in claim 37,wherein said lower curved edge is convex and said upper curved surfaceis concave.
 39. A building as in claim 37 wherein said washer isintegral with said first bearing plate.
 40. A building as in claim 29,wherein: a) said nut includes a curved lower surface; and b) said one ofsaid inner and outer bodies includes a curved upper edge complementaryto said curved lower surface.
 41. A building as in claim 29, wherein: a)said one of said inner and outer bodies includes a curved upper edge;and c) a self-centering washer bearing on said one of said inner andouter bodies, said self-centering washer including a lower curvedsurface complementary to curved upper edge.
 42. A building as in claim41, wherein said lower curved surface is concave.
 43. A building as inclaim 29, wherein said first bridge member bears on said first bottomplate.
 44. A building as in claim 29, and further comprising: a) secondbridge member bearing on said first bottom plate, said second bridgemember having an opening through which said tie rod extends, said secondbridge member being disposed below and spaced apart from said firstbridge member; b) a pair of spaced apart reinforcement studs disposedbetween said first and second bridge members; and c) said pair of spacedapart reinforcement studs includes bottom and top ends, said firstbridge member bearing on said top ends, and said bottom ends bearing onsaid second bridge member.
 45. A building as in claim 44, and furthercomprising a nut bearing on said second bridge member.
 46. A building asin claim 29, and further comprising: a) a second bridge member attachedto said stud wall, said second bridge member having an opening throughwhich said tie rod extends, said second bridge being disposed above andspaced from said first bridge member; b) a second bearing plate disposedon top of said second bridge member, said second bearing plate includingan opening through which said tie rod extends; c) a second fastenerassembly disposed above said first fastener assembly; and d) said secondfastener assembly including a second inner body disposed within a secondouter body, a second nut securing said second inner and outer bodies tosaid tie rod, a second spring urging one of said second inner and outerbodies to move from a first position to a second position.
 47. Abuilding as in claim 46, wherein said second spring is configured tocarry a load at least substantially equal to the weight of the length ofsaid tie rod disposed between said first and second fastener assemblies.48. A building as in claim 46, wherein said first bridge member bears onsaid first bottom plate.
 49. A building as in claim 48, and furthercomprising: a) a pair of spaced apart reinforcement studs disposedbetween said first and second bridge members; and c) said pair of spacedapart reinforcement studs includes bottom and top ends, said secondbridge member bearing on said top ends, and said bottom ends bearing onsaid first bridge member.
 50. A building as in claim 44, and furthercomprising: a) a second bottom plate; b) a third bridge member bearingon said second bottom plate, said third bridge member being disposedbelow and spaced apart from said second bridge member, said third bridgemember having an opening through which said tie rod extends; b) a pairof spaced apart reinforcement studs disposed between said second andthird bridge members; and c) said pair of spaced apart reinforcementstuds includes bottom ends bearing on said third bridge member.
 51. Abuilding as in claim 50, and further comprising a nut bearing on saidthird bridge member.
 52. A building as in claim 29, and furthercomprising: a) a pair of spaced apart reinforcement studs disposedbetween said first member and said first bottom plate; and c) said pairof spaced apart reinforcement studs includes bottom and top ends, saidfirst bridge member bearing on said top ends, and said bottom endsbearing on said first bottom plate.
 53. A building as in claim 29,wherein said first spring is configured to carry a load at leastsubstantially equal to the weight of the length of said tie rod disposedbelow said first fastener assembly.
 54. A building as in claim 29,wherein said axial opening is larger than the diameter of said tie rodto allow said tie rod to be off vertical within said first fastenerassembly.
 55. A building as in claim 29, wherein said axial openingflares out at its top portion.
 56. A building as in claim 29, whereinsaid first bridge member is color coded to indicate at least one ofmaterial type, capacity and dimensional size.
 57. A building as in claim33, wherein said washer is color coded to indicate at least one ofdesign load, hole size and amount of swivel provided.
 58. A building asin claim 29, wherein said first fastener assembly is color coded toindicate at least one of stroke length, useable load, and diameter ofsaid axial opening.
 59. A building as in claim 29, wherein: a) saidinner and outer bodies include first and second opposing cylindricalwalls, respectively; b) said first opposing cylindrical wall includes aplurality of first receiving volumes; c) said second opposingcylindrical wall includes a plurality of second receiving volumes; d) aresilient member disposed between said first and second opposingcylindrical walls, said resilient member is biased to occupy one of saidfirst and second receiving volumes; e) said first and second receivingvolumes are configured in cross-section such that when said one of saidinner and outer bodies is moved from said first locked position to saidsecond locked position, said resilient member is shifted into and fullyreceived within another one of said first and second volumes; and f)said first and second volumes are configured in cross-section such thatwhen said one of said inner and outer bodies is pushed from said secondlocked position to said first locked position, said resilient member isonly partially received within said one of said first and secondvolumes, thereby precluding movement of said one of said inner and outerbodies.
 60. A building as in claim 29, wherein said inner and outerbodies are movable along said axial opening.
 61. A building, comprising:a) a stud wall including a bottom plate; b) a foundation; c) a tie rodoperably anchored in said foundation and extending through said bottomplate within said stud wall; d) a bridge member attached to said studwall, said bridge member having an opening through which said tie rodextends; e) a fastener assembly connecting said tie rod and said bridgemember to said stud wall, said fastener assembly including an axialopening through which said tie rod extends; f) said fastener assemblyincluding an inner body disposed within an outer body, a first nutsecuring said inner and outer bodies to said tie rod, a first springurging one of said inner and outer bodies to move from a first positionto a second position; g) said one of said inner and outer bodies beingfixed relative to said tie rod and said another of said inner and outerbodies being fixed relative to said bridge member such that when saidtie rod moves through said stud wall, said one of said inner and outerbodies moves with said tie rod from said first position to said secondposition; and h) said first spring is configured to carry a load atleast substantially equal to the weight of the length of said tie roddisposed between said fastener assembly and said foundation.
 62. Abuilding, comprising: a) a stud wall including a first bottom plate; b)a foundation; c) a tie rod operably anchored in said foundation andextending through said first bottom plate within said stud wall; d) afirst bridge member attached to said stud wall, said first bridge memberhaving an opening through which said tie rod extends; e) a firstfastener assembly connecting said tie rod and said first bridge memberto said stud wall, said fastener assembly including an axial openingthrough which said tie rod extends; f) said first fastener assemblyincluding an inner body disposed within an outer body, a first nutsecuring said inner and outer bodies to said tie rod, a first springurging one of said inner and outer bodies to move from a first positionto a second position; g) said one of said inner and outer bodies beingfixed relative to said tie rod and said another of said inner and outerbodies being fixed relative to said first bearing plate such that whensaid tie rod moves through said stud wall, said one of said inner andouter bodies moves with said tie rod from said first position to saidsecond position; h) a second bridge member attached to said stud wall,said second bridge member having an opening through which said tie rodextends, said second bridge being disposed above and spaced from saidfirst bridge member; i) a second fastener assembly disposed above saidfirst fastener assembly; j) said second fastener assembly including asecond inner body disposed within a second outer body, a second nutsecuring said second inner and outer bodies to said tie rod, a secondspring urging one of said second inner and outer bodies to move from afirst position to a second position; and k) said second spring isconfigured to carry a load at least substantially equal to the weight ofthe length of said tie rod disposed between said first and secondfastener assemblies.
 63. A building, comprising: a) a stud wallincluding a bottom plate and sheathing; b) a foundation; c) a tie rodoperably anchored in said foundation and extending through said bottomplate within said stud wall; d) a bridge member attached to said studwall, said bridge member having an opening through which said tie rodextends; e) a fastener assembly connecting said tie rod and said bridgemember to said stud wall, said fastener assembly including an axialopening through which said tie rod extends; g) said fastener assemblyincluding an inner body disposed within an outer body, a first nutsecuring said inner and outer bodies to said tie rod, a spring urgingone of said inner and outer bodies to move from a first position to asecond position, and a removable restraining member locking said innerand outer bodies together to prevent said one of said inner and outerbodies from moving from said first position to said second position; h)said restraining member including a handle portion extending beyond saidouter body a distance greater than a distance between a rear surface ofsaid outer body and said sheathing such that said handle portion isprevented from being disposed behind and between said outer body andsaid sheathing, thereby maintaining said handle portion in view of aninstaller; and i) said inner and outer bodies being movable relative toeach other from said first position to said second position when saidrestraining member is removed, said one of said inner and outer bodiesbeing fixed relative to said tie rod and said another of said inner andouter bodies being fixed relative to said bridge member such that whensaid tie rod moves through said stud wall, said one of said inner andouter bodies moves with said tie rod from said first position to saidsecond position.
 64. A building as in claim 63, wherein said restrainingmember is removable by hand.
 65. A building, comprising: a) a stud wallincluding a first bottom plate; b) a foundation; c) a tie rod operablyanchored in said foundation and extending through said first bottomplate within said stud wall; d) a first metallic bridge member disposedon said first bottom plate, said first metallic bridge member having anopening through which said tie rod extends; e) a first nut connectingsaid tie rod and said first bridge member to said first bottom plate; f)a pair of spaced apart reinforcement studs; and g) said pair of spacedapart reinforcement studs including bottom ends bearing on said firstmetallic bridge member.
 66. A building as in claim 65, and furthercomprising: a) a second metallic bridge member attached to said studwall, said second bridge member having an opening through which said tierod extends, said second bridge being disposed above and spaced fromsaid first bridge member; b) a second nut securing said second metallicbridge member to said stud wall; c) a pair of spaced apart reinforcementstuds disposed between said first and second bridge members; and d) saidpair of spaced apart reinforcement studs including bottom and top ends,said second bridge member bearing on said top ends, and said bottom endsbearing on said first bridge member.
 67. A building as in claim 66, andfurther comprising: a) a second bottom plate disposed above said firstbottom plate; b) a second metallic bridge member disposed on attached tosaid second bottom plate, said second bridge member having an openingthrough which said tie rod extends, said second bridge being disposedabove and spaced from said first bridge member; b) a second nut securingsaid second metallic bridge member to said second bottom plate; c) asecond pair of spaced apart reinforcement studs; and d) said second pairof spaced apart reinforcement studs including bottom bearing on saidsecond metallic bridge member.
 68. A building, comprising: a) a studwall including a bottom plate and a top plate; b) a foundation; c) a tierod operably anchored in said foundation and extending through saidbottom plate within said stud wall; d) a pair of spaced apartreinforcement studs including upper ends; e) a metallic bridge memberbearing on top of said upper ends, said metallic bridge member having anopening through which said tie rod extends; and f) a nut connecting saidtie rod and first bridge member to said reinforcement studs.
 69. Abuilding as in claim 68, and further comprising: a) another pair ofspaced apart reinforcement studs extending between said bridge memberand said top plate; and b) said another pair of reinforcement studshaving bottom ends bearing on said bridge member.